Molly houses, condoning pubs, women’s cafes and gay bars

Utrecht has never been rich in LGBTQIA+ nightlife, but the city did have some remarkable venues, such as the 18th-century "lolhuizen" (molly houses), the first women's café in the Netherlands, and the wildly popular disco The Pink Cloud (De Roze Wolk). Little is known about the history of the oldest commercial gay bars. Which one was actually the first? A nameless pub in the 1950s on Donkerstraat, or Café De Pauw, which opened in 1965? 

Molly houses for sodomites

A far precursor of the modern gay bar was the molly house (lolhuis), an inn where sodomites met each other in the 18th century and had sex, with or without payment. A well-known molly house in Utrecht was De Wijnkrans (The Wine Garland Inn) near the Pauluspoort (St. Paul’s Gate), owned by Hendrick Coopman. It was often mentioned in the infamous sodomy trials of 1730, although Coopman continued to claim he had no idea what his clients were up to. However, they told the court that there was a separate Camertie (room) for manvolck (men)’ where ‘slappen dingen styf gemaakt werden’ (‘soft things were made stiff’).

Other inns with a sodomitic reputation at that time were De Levendige Dood (The Lively Death) on the north side of the Korte Elisabethstraat, Het Kasteel van Vredenburg (The Castle of Vredenburg) on the corner of the Ganzenmarkt and the Korte Minderbroederstraat and an inn outside the Tolsteegpoort on the Vaartse Veer. The owner was the afore-mentioned Hendrick Coopman, who had sold De Wijnkrans to his brother Willem in 1728. At the end of the 18th century there was also at least one inn – owned by a certain Otterspoor – which was associated with a sodomite clientele.

For sodomites, inns had not only sexual but also social significance. It was the place to be among themselves and exchange news, tips and gossip.

Condoning pubs

We do not know whether there existed cafes in Utrecht over the next 150 years that were mainly attended by gay men and possibly lesbian women. There certainly wouldn’t have been many.

The picture is also unclear for the 1950s. In a 1985 interview, a former vice police officer mentioned Donkerstraat as the location of Utrecht's first commercial gay bar. The owners gave the vice police a key 'to take a look now and then', which in practice meant: to check for the presence of minors and for the (forbidden) dancing of men with each other. According to a colleague of this officer, many gay men would also have met in café Arie (Vermeulen) in the Predikherenstraat area.

An important source for the history of Utrecht’s gay bars are the interviews that Heleen Weijkamp held in 1994 with eleven gay men and two lesbian women, then ranging in age from 34 to 80 years. None of them mention the Donkerstraat or Café Arie. The 1950’s bars they do mention were not exclusive gay, but cafes where the chance of meeting ‘fellows’ was greater than elsewhere. Examples: the Black Horse Bar in the Drieharingstraat (classic design full of bells and frills, a pianist and a bartender in battle dress), artist café Musica in the Loeff Berchmakerstraat (night café with many actors, jazz musicians and radio people) and Café Kees and the Willemsbar (William’s Bar) in Wijk C (‘from garbage collector to lawyer’). In 1959, Het Pandje – still present in Nobelstraat – joined the list of bars where gays were tolerated among all kinds of other night owls.

The White Horse Bar on Voorstraat and the Jaarbeurs or Ritzer bar on Vredenburg were popular because one of the bartenders was 'of the family'. Speaking about the latter, Harald Kettlitz said in 1994:

At the Ritzer bar there was a gay man behind the bar, Jackie. And Jackie was a rare specimen. Bruno, his counterpart, was a blunt character, but when Jackie was there, it was fun. Jackie mothered and was very caring (…) Moreover, he was not to be sneezed at. He always said that he had worked as a steward on the cruise ships of the Holland America Line. I don’t know if it’s true, but if there were trouble makers in the bar he would throw them out the door one after the other. But in a correct, funny way.

For all those pubs, gays were tolerated there - they brought in money - as long as they did not cause offence.

Exclusive gay bars

Thanks to greater openness about homosexuality in the 1960s and increasing prosperity, the first exclusive gay bars also opened in provincial cities like Utrecht. Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague had known them for much longer.

The first of which we know the name and exact address is Café De Pauw, opened in 1965 on Oudegracht 64. It has been home to Utrecht's oldest surviving queer café Body Talk since 1987. According to visitor Wim van Hees, De Pauw was

a cosy brown pub, the bar on the left and tables to sit at on the right. The crowd was very mixed in those days, young and old mixed together.

In 1968, De Adonis opened at Oudegracht 49, owned by Utrecht singer Don Mercedes, who later made a name for himself with the hit 'Rocky' (1975). With a large dance floor, De Adonis was the first gay-dancing venue in the city that also hosted special evenings with transvestite acts. A special feature were the telephones hanging on the wall near the tables. With these, you could call another table if someone you found attractive was sitting there (an indirect way popular in many other bars was to have the barman deliver a beer to someone you were interested in: 'please, this one is from that gentleman at the corner of the bar'). The Adonis closed after five years.

From the mid-sixties to the present, Utrecht has had about 30 gay bars. That seems like a lot, but only a few existed at one time and most didn’t last for more than a few years. Until the mid-1970s, they were mainly gay bars with tinted windows and closed doors. Internationally recognizable pub names such as Incognito, La Vie en Rose and Adonis showed the way to the right listener. To enter you had to ring the bell and a doorman would admit you if he knew you or if you answered affirmatively to the question whether you knew what type of venue you were entering.

Out or in the closet

The variation in the Utrecht gay venues in the 1970s and 1980s reflected the difference between more activist open gays and lesbians and those who kept a more low profile or remained in the closet. The first group included the founders and visitors of the women’s café De Heksenketel (meaning Witches’ Cauldron or Pandemonium), the young people of the PANN café, the visitors of the integration-oriented PANN parties and an great part of the COC audience.

In the same year that De Heksenketel opened, 1975, the Sobrino bar started, an old-fashioned private pub that, unlike many predecessors, was well attended and would persist for eleven years. The doorman was Annemarie Noot, a well-known figure in the Utrecht scene who would later also hold her own at the door of other gay bars. ‘Het Sob’, as the bar was also called, was also popular among COC activists who wanted to continue partying after the closing time of their own venue. One of them, Kees van den Berg, recalls in a 1994 interview:

‘The Sobrino Bar was one of those plush bars for fairy boys. They did not go to the COC (…) Those queens did not like the COC and if you came from the COC, they called you ‘student’. (…) Many older, married men also came there and tried to find someone to start a relationship.’

In all bars, except of course De Heksenketel, women were far in the minority. That changed with Het Everzwijn (The Wild Boar) on Loeff Berchmakerstraat (1974-1979). It was the first commercial bar where you could look inside. In 1982, In de Gouwe Gheijt (the Old Goat or – in quickly pronounced Dutch – meaning ‘in a hurry’) on the Oudegracht (where Café België is now located) went one step further. The owner got rid of a doorman and had a summer terrace on the sidewalk. Like other Utrecht gay bars the café suffered from unprofessional management and went bankrupt after just two years.

‘Straight-friendly’ gay café Navratilova opened on 3 March 1995, at Lucas Bolwerk 1 (now Villa Orloff). The name Navratilova was chosen not to refer to a lesbian – as some people like to think – but to refer to an openly gay person.The bar was spacious and had a large terras as well. Navratilova was open 7 days a week, from 12 o’clock on, and it attracted a large mixed crowd, both men and women, mostly gay but straight as well. It had a busy weekly Friday dance night, and a bustling terras on summerdays and -nights. With sponsoring, café Navratilova helped start up local gay swim club Nat Utrecht in 1996. In a reshuffle of it’s assets the hospitality company that owned café Navratilova closed it in August 1997 and sold it off, along with a few of it’s other venues.

De Roze Wolk (The Pink Cloud)

A constant factor in the ever-changing range of opportunities for meeting in Utrecht were the monthly PANN parties during the 1970s and 1980s. A lot of different people came there: fags, dykes, bisexuals, trans people and straight people. Jan Scheepstra and Ton Alkemade took the initiative to create a disco for a similar audience, but not once a month, but five times a week.

Homodisco De Roze Wolk (Gay discotheque The Pink Cloud) became a huge success from the start on April 4, 1982. Soon people were lining up at the door of the wharf cellar Oudegracht 43, which could house around 250 visitors. “Despite the crowds, the cigarette smoke and heat, the lack of oxygen and the sweat, it was the hotspot of Utrecht,” according to 2018 commemorative book. For many gays and lesbians, ‘De Wolk’ became a second and, in difficult times, sometimes a first home. This also applied to De Wolkenkrabber (The Skyscrape), the café above at street level that opened in October 1984.

‘De Wolk’ was renovated and expanded three times, organized separate men’s and women’s evenings when heterosexual visitors started to dominate the atmosphere, and held legendary theme and costume parties. With De Wolkenkrabber and the BodyTalk, which opened in 1987, diagonally across the canal, ‘De Wolk’ would remain the centre of Utrecht’s gay and lesbian nightlife for more than twenty years. Visitors came not only from Utrecht, but from far and wide, even from – then called Gay Capital of the World – Amsterdam. Robbert Kalff, now owner of Café Kalff, also came there. As a 16-year-old he was quick off the mark:

I just had a moped. From my home town Woudenberg I drove for 45 minutes to Utrecht. I thought the party was terrifying. There were people who in my view seemed very self-confident. I went home full of impressions.

Two perseverers

In the 21st century, the ways in which many men and women connect with members of the same sex have changed. Making contact is now increasingly taking place through the internet and special dating apps. Large-scale parties at special locations, such as in Utrecht ‘Rubber’, became successful competitors for traditional entertainment venues. Young people in particular have less need for separate queer bars and feel more at home among a broadly diverse and inclusive audience. This can be found, for example, in the Utrecht political-cultural café ACU on Voorstraat, also famous for its queer Cruise Control parties.

Gay bars have closed all over the country over the past fifteen years and where they remained, it was recently the Covid epidemic that often finished them. Declining visitor numbers led to the closure of both De Roze Wolk and De Wolkenkrabber in 2006. The café on street level remained queer: first as Chueca and since 2011 as Café Kalff.

In addition to Kalff, BodyTalk, founded in 1987 by Feibe Zweers, proves that a ‘rainbow’ café still has every reason to exist in 2023. When his original ‘men’s café’ was on the brink of bankruptcy in 2008, he drastically changed course. Zweers cancelled the contract with the beer supplier, became independent, modernized the interior, threw out the slot machines, opened the windows and started special events such as karaoke evenings and pub quizzes. The Facebook page with photos of visitors became an unprecedented success – the days when you secretly visited a gay bar are far behind us. This also applies to BodyTalk regulars, including the members of LGBTQIA+ student association Anteros.

Maurice van Lieshout

Read the book on De Roze Wolk (The Pink Cloud) and The Skyscraper here online (in Dutch).

Adrianne Dercksen, Roze Wolken nachten. Homodisco De Roze Wolk en homocafé De Wolkenkrabber Utrecht 1982-2006 (Utrecht 2018).

Sources

Arjan den Boer and Ton van den Berg, Verdwenen horeca in Utrecht. Gezelligheid tot sluitingstijd (Utrecht 2022).

L.J. Boon, ‘Dien godloosen hoop van menschen’. Vervolging van homoseksuelen in de Republiek in de jaren dertig van de achttiende eeuw (Amsterdam 1997).

Adrianne Dercksen, Pink Cloud Nights. Gay disco The Pink Cloud and gay café The Skyscraper Utrecht 1982-2006 (Roze Wolken nachten. Homodisco De Roze Wolk en homocafé De Wolkenkrabber Utrecht 1982-2006) (Utrecht 2018).

Pieter Koenders, Tussen christelijk réveil en seksuele revolutie. Bestrijding van de zedeloosheid in Nederland, met nadruk op de repressie van homoseksualiteit (Amsterdam 1996).

D.J. Noordam, Riskante relaties. Vijf eeuwen homoseksualiteit in Nederland, 1233-1733 (Hilversum 1995).

Fenna Riethof, ‘De klassieker – Bodytalk: van mannenbar tot regenboogcafé’, DUIC newspaper 9 April 2017.

'Utrecht according to Utrecht Pride chairman Robbert Kalff (...)', DUIC newspaper June 3, 2022.

Heleen Weijkamp, De ‘coming-out’ van een stad. De ontwikkeling van het homoseksuele uitgaansleven in Utrecht van 1930 tot heden. UU History doctoral thesis (Utrecht 1994).

www.homohoreca.nl